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Noise-cancelling headphones reduce unwanted ambient sounds (i.e., acoustic noise) by means of active noise control (ANC). This involves using one or more microphones placed near the ear, and electronic circuitry which uses the microphone signal to generate an “antinoise” signal. When the antinoise signal is produced by the speaker driver in the headphone, destructive interference cancels out the ambient noise as heard within the enclosed volume of the headphone.
Noise cancellation makes it possible to enjoy music without raising the volume excessively. It can also help a passenger sleep in a noisy vehicle such as an airliner.
Retail noise cancelling headphones typically use ANC to cancel the lower-frequency portions of the noise; they depend on more traditional methods such as soundproofing to prevent higher-frequency noise from reaching the ear. This approach is preferred because it reduces the demand for complicated electronic circuitry and at higher frequencies, active cancellation is less effective. To truly cancel high frequency components (coming at the ear from all directions), the sensor and emitter for the cancelling waveform would have to be adjacent to the user’s eardrum, which is not technically feasible.
Noise-canceling headphones have several limitations (that vary from vendor to vendor):
- They consume power, usually supplied by a battery that must occasionally be replaced or recharged.
- They work well for sounds that are continuous, such as the hum of a refrigerator or the sound in an airplane cabin, but are rather ineffective against speech or other rapidly changing audio signals.
- They may introduce additional noise, usually in the form of high-frequency hiss.
- Early models were generally bulkier than traditional headphones. However, newer models tend to incorporate the batteries in pre-existing space. While this usually reduces the bulk, it does not reduce the extra weight of noise-cancelling headphones compared to traditional headphones.
